NEGATIVES IN PORTUGUESE:

There are two basic principles governing the use of negatives in Portuguese:
- unlike English, double (or even triple) negatives are the norm;
- when a negative word (nada, ninguém, nunca, jamais, nem, nenhum) occurs after the verb, the verb must be preceded by "não" or another negative word. Examples:

Não vi nada.
I didn’t see anything. / I saw nothing.

Eu nunca tive nenhum problema.
I’ve never had any problem.

Ref.: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar - A Practical Guide.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive forms of verbs could be described as expressing hypothetical actions and situations, as opposed to the real ones expressed by the indicative.
There are three simple subjunctive tenses in Portuguese: present, imperfect and future . Examples:

Pres. subj. Que eu fale, Que eu coma, Que eu decida, etc.
Imperf. subj. Se eu falasse, Se eu comesse, Se eu decidisse, etc.
Future subj. Quando eu falar, Quando eu comer,Quando eu decidir, etc.

The subjunctive mainly occurs in subordinate clauses, i.e. after the conjunction ‘that’ (QUE) and some others, such as "Se" and "Quando" e etc. These are clauses that cannot stand on their own, but depend on a main clause, which is usually in the indicative.
The conjunction ‘that’ is often omitted in English, but "QUE" can never be left out in Portuguese, except in a few very formal turns of phrase.
Ref.: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar - A Practical Guide.

SUJEITO NULO - NULL SUBJECT

Portuguese , as Spanish and Italian, allows sentences with null subjects. These are sentences where the subject ( for example , EU, VOCÊ, ELA, NÓS, ELES, A NAME, A NOUN) is not expressed. The listener/reader understands who or what the subject is because of the context and because of verb conjugation. For example, in the sentence EU SOU BRASILEIRA MAS MORO EM NOVA YORK, we find two verbs, SOU and MORO. The subject of SOU is EU; the subject of MORO is not expressed ( it is null ), but we know that the subject is also EU because of the context (the speaker is still talking about herself) and verb conjugation (first person singular ). Null subjects are also often found in answers for YES/NO questions: VOCÊ É BRASILEIRO? SOU, SIM.
ref.: Beginner's Brazilian Portuguese.

YOU in Brazilian Portuguese - VOCÊ !

In English we adress someone as "you" both in formal and informal situations. In Brazilian Portuguese the form of address may vary depending on the degree of formality. You will address someone as VOCÊ (plural : VOCÊS ) in informal situations;
in formal situations you may use the form O SENHOR ( for a man; plural: OS SENHORES ) and A SENHORA ( for a woman; plural : AS SENHORAS ).

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION WITH THE VERB "SER" - 2 :

"SER" from /of .
This is used for ‘to be from (a place)’, ‘to be made of (a material)’, ‘to be one to (do some -
thing)’:

Você é de onde?
Where are you from?

As casas eram de madeira.
The houses were built of wood.

O Zé não é de beber.
Zé is not one to drink.

Ref.: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar - A Practical Guide.

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IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION WITH THE VERB "SER" - 1 :

"Ser"   with someone:
This is used for ‘to be meant for someone; to be someone’s department’:

É comigo?
Do you mean me? / Do they mean me? / Are you talking to me?

É com você, Renata.
Over to you, Renata. (on TV programme)

Os aplausos eram com o diretor.
The applause was for the director.

Futebol não é comigo.
Football’s not my strong point. / It’s no use asking me about football.

Abrir conta é com o gerente.
Opening an account is a matter for the manager.

Ref.: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar - A Practical Guide.

THE VERB "FICAR" :

The verb "ficar" can be used as an alternative to "ser" when expressing permanent location:

Porto Alegre fica no sul do Brasil.

Porto Alegre is in the south of Brazil.

Before an adjective, "ficar" marks a transition to a new state, usually as a reaction to something else. It often translates ‘to get, become’, but should be used to translate ‘to be’

when a change of emotional state is implied:

Fiquei contente em saber que você está bem.

I was glad to hear that you are well. (i.e. I became glad when I heard)

Não fique triste.

Don’t be sad. (i.e. Don’t get sad)

Like estar, ficar can only be followed by a noun used metaphorically to describe a new
state:
Meu cabelo vai ficar um lixo com essa chuva.
My hair’s going to be a right mess with this rain.

Also, ficar can be followed by a past participle to express an involuntary passive result
Ficamos presos no elevador.
We got stuck in the lift.

ref.: Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar - A Practical Guide.

SOME VERBS IN PORTUGUESE

I AM HOT, I AM COLD , I AM HUNGRY....ETC ! ( How to say these feelings in Portuguese )

I AM HOT !

I AM COLD !

I AM HUNGRY !

I AM THIRSTY  !

I AM AFRAID OF ... !

I AM SLEELY  !